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Eczema 101: Causes, Triggers, and Effective Treatments for Relief
Beauty

Eczema 101: Causes, Triggers, and Effective Treatments for Relief

8 April 2025


Eczema 101: Everything You Need to Know, From Causes to Treatment




If you’ve been managing extremely dry and itchy skin, there’s a chance you could have a common condition called eczema. Eczema is an inflammatory skin condition that causes symptoms like dry, itchy, and irritated patches of skin. “Eczema is categorized as a type of dermatitis—a skin condition that causes inflammation of the skin—that can be activated by [several] causes, including exposure to an allergen or irritant, high levels of stress, or dry climates and weather,” says board-certified dermatologist Melanie Palm, MD.



We asked Palm, along with board-certified dermatologists Jeremy Brauer, MD, and Lauren Penzi, MD, to tell us everything there is to know about eczema. Keep reading for what they said.




Meet the Experts



Melanie Palm, MD, is a board-certified dermatologist and cosmetic surgeon at Art of Skin MD.




Jeremy Brauer, MD, is a board-certified dermatologist and dermatologic surgeon at Spectrum Skin and Laser in New York.



Lauren Penzi, MD, is a board-certified dermatologist who specializes in medical and cosmetic dermatology at MDCS Dermatology in New York.




What Causes Eczema?



The specific cause of eczema isn’t well understood, but it’s likely several different factors, including genetics, environmental triggers, and problems with the immune system or skin barrier. Here’s a bit more information about the factors that may cause eczema or trigger symptoms to flare up:




Genetics: Eczema often runs in families. A big risk factor for eczema is having relatives who have eczema, asthma, or seasonal allergies, says Brauer.



Skin barrier defects: Dysfunction within the skin barrier can make it harder for the skin to retain moisture and protect itself from outside elements like irritants, allergens, and microbes that can trigger eczema.1




Environmental factors and allergies: Environmental factors like pollen, pollution, pet dander, or extremely cold or dry weather can all trigger eczema symptoms. “For some people, exposure to these environmental factors can cause an eczema flare,” Palm says.



Food allergies: Palm tells us that some foods that can trigger eczema are peanuts, tree nuts, gluten, and dairy.




Irritants: Harsh irritants found in soap, perfume, lotion, and detergent can cause eczema flares.2 Similarly, wool and other rough or itchy fabrics can also be problematic for some people with eczema.3



Fluctuating hormones: Hormonal changes brought on by menstruation, pregnancy, breastfeeding, or menopause can sometimes trigger eczema flares.4




Who Is More Likely to Have Eczema?



Eczema affects people of all ages. Most people develop the condition as children, but it can develop at any age.5 Some factors, such as allergies and genetics, can make someone more likely to have eczema.




Those with environmental allergies (such as hay fever) and food allergies are more prone to eczema or atopic dermatitis. “It’s also more common among children, but usually improves or resolves by the time a child reaches puberty,” Palm says.



How Can Eczema Be Treated?




There’s no cure for eczema, but you have many options to treat the condition. The specific treatment regimen may differ from person to person, depending on the severity of the symptoms. Preventive measures like moisturizing and avoiding triggers are generally necessary for all people with eczema, adds Penzi.



Here are some common treatments your dermatologist may recommend:6




Antihistamines: These may help relieve itching and discomfort.


Moisturizer: “Hypoallergenic lotions and moisturizers can moisturize your skin and relieve the dryness that eczema causes,” Brauer says.

Corticosteroid cream: This may help reduce itching and soothe the skin.

Avoid triggers: To best manage eczema and prevent it from flaring up, it’s helpful to know what your triggers are. “Generally, I advise my patients to stay away from scented products and fragrances like air fresheners, perfume, dryer sheets, scented detergents, and even scented candles,” Palm says. “If your eczema flare is caused by an allergy to pet dander or pollen, be diligent about vacuuming, washing your bedding in hot water frequently if you have pets, and having an effective air purifier in key areas of your home.”

Minimize stress: Stress can worsen eczema and contribute to flares, so it can be beneficial to find methods that help you keep it at bay.

Avoid rough-textured clothing: For some, tight and scratchy clothing can be highly irritating and might contribute to eczema flares. If you know that a specific clothing material (such as wool) causes your eczema to flare, it’s best to avoid it.

Use a humidifier: If you live in a dry climate, a humidifier can help add moisture to the air, minimizing the chances of an eczema flare.

Prescription medications: In cases where eczema is moderate to severe, a dermatologist may prescribe medications like Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, injectable biologics like dupixent and tralokinumab, or oral steroids to reduce skin inflammation.

Light therapy: Narrowband UVB phototherapy, a specific type of light therapy, has been shown to help treat eczema, often in addition to topicals.

The Final Takeaway

Eczema is a common condition that causes the skin to become dry, itchy, and irritated. Often, symptoms come and go. “It is caused by a complex interaction of genetics, epidermal barrier dysfunction, immune dysregulation, and environmental factors,” Penzi says. “Patients with eczema often have other related disorders, including asthma and seasonal allergies, but this is not always the case.”

Eczema can’t be cured, but you have many treatment options. If you’re concerned you might have eczema, it’s best to see a doctor so they can weigh in with an appropriate treatment plan. “A board-certified allergist, immunologist, or dermatologist can help determine whether you have eczema… via an allergy test or a skin biopsy,” Palm says.

DQH Can I use salicylic acid first and then vitamin C? It’s easy to create a skincare routine, but knowing how to use it is another thing entirely. In most cases, if you’re not getting the desired skin results, it could be due to the layering of conflicting ingredients. So, is it possible that salicylic acid and vitamin C are such ingredients? Or are these active ingredients the duo that’s been missing from your skincare routine? If you want answers, stick around because today we are going to explain the benefits of salicylic acid and vitamin C and how they can be used in your daily life. What are the benefits of salicylic acid for skin? Salicylic acid is one of the most commonly used beta hydroxy acids and is favored by many people with oily, acne-prone skin. This acid is derived from willow bark, and unlike its water-soluble relatives (called alpha-hydroxy acids), salicylic acid is oil-soluble, which means it can penetrate deeper into the lower layers of the skin. Once it reaches the lower layers, it can help unclog pores of excess sebum, dirt, bacteria, debris, and impurities. This results in clearer skin tones and greater definition. Not only does salicylic acid benefit the underlying layers, but the outer surface of the skin benefits as well. When applied to the skin, salicylic acid removes the buildup of dead skin cells. This is accomplished by breaking the bonds that hold dead cells to the surface. Over time, this can cause the complexion to look dull and prone to acne, blackheads, and other blemishes. If you’d like to learn more about salicylic acid and how it can improve your skin, check out this dedicated blog post from a beauty insider. What are the benefits of vitamin C for skin? Vitamin C is considered one of the most powerful antioxidants, which means it is very effective at fighting free radicals and preventing them from causing further skin damage. Examples of free radicals include pollution, central heating, UV rays and harsh climate. They attack proteins, fats and cell membranes as soon as they come into contact with the skin, causing signs of premature aging such as fine lines and wrinkles as well as hyperpigmentation, flaky patches of skin and loss of elasticity. Many people usually prefer to use vitamin C in their morning routine as this ingredient gives the complexion a radiant glow. You’ll also find that vitamin C can target areas of hyperpigmentation, plumping the skin and reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. The thing about vitamin C is that there are a lot of outdated studies going back to the 1950s that describe vitamin C as an unstable skin component. Thanks to improvements in modern technology, this is no longer the case as all products now contain a stable form of vitamin C. Visit The Beauty Insider to learn more about vitamin C. So please check out our blog post. Can I use salicylic acid first and then vitamin C? Yes, you absolutely can. In fact, it’s thought that using salicylic acid before using vitamin C ensures it penetrates faster and works faster. This is an efficient way to utilize two power sources, and the reason has to do with pH. For example, the skin’s natural pH is about 4.7, making it slightly acidic. Salicylic acid and vitamin C are also both acidic, and you’ll find that vitamin C is absorbed quickly into the skin. Therefore, using salicylic acid beforehand can increase the acidity of the skin and allow vitamin C to penetrate into the skin faster. While this is considered an effective way to combine two powerful ingredients, you need to be aware of your skin type and how it reacts to certain active ingredients. Even people with perfect, normal skin can experience skin sensitivity and irritation. Therefore, always consult a doctor or dermatologist before using any new products on your skin. It’s also important to follow skin application rules. In this case, you need to use the product correctly to ensure you get the best results for your skin. If you’re not sure what I mean, the basic rule for skin is to start with the thinnest consistency and work your way up to the thickest consistency. This prevents a barrier from forming on the surface, preventing other active ingredients from penetrating the skin. Can I use salicylic acid at night and vitamin C in the morning? Yes, absolutely, this is considered the most effective way to get returns without any adverse side effects. This is because there is enough time between applications to ensure that the skin’s pH levels return to balance. You’ll also find that Vitamin C is rich in antioxidants and is perfect for use in the morning to ensure your skin is protected and looking its healthiest. Due to the small size of salicylic acid molecules, it is an acid that is able to reach the deepest parts of the skin. While this is effective at keeping skin clear, it also increases the risk of irritation and photosensitivity. Therefore, many people prefer to use powerful BHAs in their evening routine without exposure to UV rays, pollution, or harsh weather. Warning: If you avoid using sunscreen every day, none of these ingredients will do what your skin needs. The combination of chemical peels and powerful ingredients increases the risk of further damage to the skin’s surface. Use SPF 50 every day to keep your skin protected and your lipid barrier healthy, even on cloudy days, keeping your skin in top condition.
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