How to Choose a Safe and Effective Sunscreen for Your Skin

How To Buy a Safe, Effective Sunscreen

Sunscreens are substances designed to protect your skin from ultraviolet (UV) radiation emitted by the sun. They absorb, reflect, and scatter UV protons, which protects your skin and keeps it from absorbing UV radiation.1

Because UV radiation can damage your skin and cause cancer, wearing sunscreen daily is one of the best ways to reduce your risk of skin cancer. Taking other measures like seeking shade outdoors and wearing protective clothing—including a hat and sunglasses—can help fully protect your skin from the sun and reduce your risk further.2

Sunscreens also help prevent sunburn and reduce the likelihood of premature aging.2 However, it’s important to choose the right sunscreen to keep your skin protected. Consider the factors below when buying a sunscreen to determine the best kind for your needs and skin type.

SPF (Sun Protection Factor)

When selecting a sunscreen, one of the first things you need to consider is the sun protection factor (SPF). This number represents how much UV radiation is needed to produce a sunburn on protected skin (skin with sunscreen) compared to how much UV radiation is needed to produce a sunburn on unprotected skin.3

The American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) recommends selecting a sunscreen with SPF 30 or higher, which blocks 97% of the sun’s UVB rays.24 However, it’s important to understand what this number means because, in some cases, you may need a higher SPF.

Although most people believe SPF allows them to stay in the sun longer, SPF is not actually related to time in the sun. Instead, it refers to the amount of solar exposure needed to redden your skin when you’re wearing it.3

When wearing an SPF 30 sunscreen, it would ideally take you 30 times longer to burn than if you weren’t wearing sunscreen. However, you also need to consider how often you reapply, the color of your skin, and the time of day, as these factors can play a role in sunburn risk.5

People with certain skin conditions or who are at a higher risk of skin cancer need to select a higher SPF. They also need to reapply just as often as people wearing SPF 30. Sometimes, wearing higher SPFs gives a false sense of security, which can prompt someone to stay out in the sun too long or not reapply as often as they should.5 It’s also important to remember that no sunscreen can block 100% of the sun’s UVB rays.4

Sunscreen vs. Sunblock: What’s the Difference, and Which Is Better?

Formula or Type

The type of sunscreen you purchase often comes down to personal choice. Look for a formula type that you are willing to wear frequently. Options often include lotions, creams, gels, sprays, ointments, and wax sticks.4

Sunscreens that contain insect repellants are not recommended by the AAD. Instead, they suggest purchasing two different products and applying them separately—though insect repellants should be used sparingly.4

Different formulas or types may work better than others for different skin types or areas. For instance, a cream-based sunscreen may work better for dry skin while a gel-based sunscreen may work better for oily skin. A stick or wax sunscreen may be easier to use around the eyes and spray sunscreens can be easier to apply on kids.4

Ingredients

You will also want to consider the ingredients in a sunscreen, especially if you have a health condition, sensitive skin, or allergies to certain ingredients.

For instance, the ingredients avobenzone and octocrylene, which are often in chemical sunscreens, can cause allergic reactions such as contact dermatitis. Fragrances, alcohols, preservatives, and other ingredients can also cause reactions. If you’re unsure about a sunscreen, try it on a small patch of skin for a few days to see how you respond.6

There also is some concern over sunscreen ingredients lingering in the bloodstream, impacting hormones, and disrupting coral reefs. A report by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) urges the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to determine the impact of sunscreens on marine life and ecosystems.7 The AAD also supports these investigations, particularly urging for research into how sunscreen can impact human health.4

Some research shows sunscreen ingredients are absorbed into the bloodstream and can remain there for extended periods of time. One study found that six ingredients—oxybenzone, avobenzone, octocrylene, homosalate, octisalate, and octinoxate—were absorbed into the bloodstream after one use and were at levels in the blood that surpassed the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) threshold.8

However, the FDA maintains that absorption does not equate to risk and urges people to continue using sunscreens—though studies are ongoing.9 If you’re concerned about absorption, you may want to opt for a mineral sunscreen and be sure to read the label for any known allergies you have.

Broad-Spectrum Coverage

The AAD recommends a broad-spectrum sunscreen, which can protect you from both UVA and UVB rays. UVA rays are sometimes called “aging rays” because they can cause premature skin aging, increase the number of wrinkles you have, and lead to age spots. UVA rays also have the ability to pass through window glass in an office building or your car.4

UVB rays, sometimes called “burning rays,” are the primary cause of sunburn. Though they can be blocked by window glass, you still need protection from these types of rays. A broad-spectrum sunscreen will provide protection from both types of rays.4

Water Resistance

When looking for a sunscreen, it’s important to select one that is water resistant. These sunscreens are designed to stay on your skin longer when you’re in or around water or if you’re sweating or working out in the heat.4

However, no sunscreen is completely waterproof or sweat-proof. If you go swimming or you’re exercising with a water-resistant sunscreen, you will still need to reapply as soon as you are done.4 Also, make sure you reapply every two hours, even if you’re not swimming.

Sunscreen manufacturers are not allowed to use the terms waterproof or sweat-proof because these terms can be confusing or misleading for consumers.4 If you see a product that makes these claims, avoid buying the product and consider reporting the manufacturer to the FDA.

Mineral vs Chemical

Active ingredients are what separates mineral sunscreens from chemical sunscreens. For instance, mineral sunscreens (or physical sunscreens) primarily contain titanium dioxide, zinc oxide. or both. Typically, dermatologists recommend people with sensitive skin use mineral sunscreens.4

If your sunscreen does not contain titanium dioxide or zinc oxide, you have a chemical sunscreen. However, it is possible to have a hybrid sunscreen that contains both chemicals as well as titanium dioxide and zinc oxide. The best way to know for sure is to read the list of active ingredients.4

Keep in mind that both mineral and chemical sunscreens are effective sunscreens.4 Just be sure your sunscreen is SPF 30 or higher, is water-resistant, and is broad spectrum.

Skin Type

Regardless of your skin type, there are sunscreen products that can protect your skin without exacerbating any existing skin concerns. Some sunscreens are specially formulated to help with a particular skin type while protecting you from the sun’s harmful rays. The key is to read the label and confirm your selection fits your skin type.

If you have dry skin, you may want a sunscreen that has added moisturizers. If you have oily or acne-prone skin, you may find that non-comedogenic and oil-free sunscreens work best.10

People with sensitive skin should opt for a product that is fragrance-free and hypoallergenic. You can also find sunscreens specifically designed for mature skin.10

Skin Tone

Finally, when selecting a sunscreen, consider your skin tone. While all sunscreens should be broad-spectrum, water resistant, and have an SPF of 30 or higher, some factors may be more important to consider for different skin tones.

For instance, if you have fair skin, sensitive skin, or underlying skin issues, your skin can burn much more quickly than darker-toned skin. In this case, wearing a higher SPF may be a better choice for you.

Research shows protection against UVB rays is particularly important for people with light skin, as they are at a higher risk of sunburn as well as DNA damage and skin cancer. People with very light skin tones may want to choose a sunscreen with an SPF of 50 or higher.11

Darker skin may be naturally better protected against UVB rays, but it’s more prone to hyperpigmentation, which can result from UVA rays. For this reason, people with darker skin tones should also regularly use a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF 30 to prevent photoaging and pigmentation.11

Also, since UVA rays can penetrate glass, your skin may still be exposed to sun damage indoors. Make sure to wear your sunscreen regularly, especially if you sit by a window in your office or drive for long periods.11

Tips for Applying Sunscreen

Once you have selected the best sunscreen for your skin, the key to making sure it’s effective is to wear it consistently and apply it correctly. Here are some tips for applying sunscreen to ensure you get the most protection you can:

Apply sunscreen before you go outside. Apply sunscreen at least 15 minutes before you head into the sun. If you wait until you are outside, your skin is already exposed and can burn.12

Make sure you use enough. Most people only apply 25-50% of the recommended amount of sunscreen. To fully cover your body, you need about one ounce of sunscreen—or enough to fill a shot glass.13

Use sunscreen on all exposed skin. Apply sunscreen on every area of skin that is not covered by clothing. Don’t forget the tops of your feet, the part in your hair, and your ears, neck, and lips.12

Reapply every two hours. Experts suggest reapplying sunscreen every two hours or sooner if you are sweating, working out, or swimming. However, only about one-third of Americans reapply their sunscreen as recommended.13

Apply sunscreen every day regardless of the weather. Many people opt to go without sunscreen on cloudy days, but the sun’s rays can still get through the clouds. As much as 80% of the sun’s UV rays can penetrate your skin on cloudy days.13

Cover your skin evenly. If you are using a spray sunscreen, make sure you spray until your skin glistens. Then, take a minute to rub the sunscreen into your skin. (Also, avoid spraying around your mouth or inhaling sunscreen.)4

Pay attention to the expiration date. Sunscreens can expire, usually about three years after they are purchased, which can make them less effective. Before using a sunscreen you already have on hand, check the label to ensure it’s still good.4

A Quick Review

Sunscreens are designed to prevent sunburns, reduce the likelihood of skin cancer, and decrease premature aging. When buying a new sunscreen, look for a broad-spectrum, water-resistant sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher.

You may also want to consider the type of sunscreen, your skin type, and the ingredients. Taking into account your preference and comfort can help ensure you’ll wear the sunscreen consistently. If you have questions about how to choose the best sunscreen for you, talk to a healthcare provider such as a board-certified dermatologist.

DQH Knowledge drop: In your 20s, your skin cell turnover decreases. (Cell turnover is a key component in keeping your skin youthful.) You know what else slows down? Your collagen production. Starting in your 20s, collagen decreases by about 1 percent per year. Should you want to prevent fine lines and wrinkles, start by eliminating behaviors that contribute to premature aging. “If it’s bad for you, it’s bad for your skin,” says dermatologist Michel Somenek. “Cigarette smoking reduces blood flow to the skin and causes premature wrinkling and a dull skin texture. Making the repeated pursed motion to inhale can also cause smoker’s lines. Alcohol and recreational drugs are toxins for the skin that damage its cellular structure and DNA,” Somenek tells us. “The faster you eliminate vices while you are young, the better chance your skin and body have to recuperate.” Also, adopting an anti-aging routine in your 20s is key. After all, the best offense is a good defense. We spoke to Somenek and experts Joshua Ross and Audrey Kunin to find out more. Keep reading for the best anti-aging products for your 20s, according to skincare professionals. Sunscreen “We all know that the sun is the number one cause of skin aging and starting the prevention in your 20s is very important,” Ross says. “The majority of your sun damage won’t start to appear until you’re in your 30s, so don’t wait until you see it surface or you’ll be behind the curve. Stay ahead of it with a good-quality zinc-based sunscreen worn daily.” Farmacy Green Defense Daily Mineral Sunscreen An invisible sunscreen with SPF 30, plus botanical extracts meant to protect skin with tons of antioxidants. Bonus: It’s clean and fine to use under makeup. Bareminerals Complexion Rescue™ Tinted Moisturizer Broad Spectrum SPF 30 Although we recommend you use your SPF and moisturizer separately, we also understand moments when you don’t have time or energy for that extra step. For those times, this bareMinerals moisturizer is a great thing to have on hand. Vitamin C Serum “A great introduction to anti-aging is to start with a vitamin C serum in your morning skincare routine,” Ross says. “It’s a powerful antioxidant that will neutralize free radicals and brighten the skin.” He adds that it’s a great way to counteract the effects of the sun’s harmful rays, which, as previously mentioned, are among the biggest causes of premature aging. Drunk Elephant C-Firma™ Vitamin C Day Serum The Drunk Elephant C-Firma is a lightweight serum that promises to give skin a glow by combining the brightening powers of vitamin C with ferulic acid, l-ascorbic acid, and vitamin E. The included sodium hyaluronate is meant to replace hydration loss, so you shouldn’t have to deal with any irritation. Sunday Riley C.E.O. Rapid Flash Brightening Serum This potent serum is jam-packed with vitamin C (15 percent, to be exact), which means it’s a potential superstar at both brightening skin and dousing it in antioxidants. Peptides Using peptides on your skin has many benefits, says Somenek. “The skin barrier is what defends the body against pollution, UV rays, bacteria, and toxins. It can be damaged by several everyday factors. Using topical peptides aids in building a stronger barrier,” he says. “Peptides comprise elastic fibers, which are a type of protein. These fibers help to make skin appear taut and firm. Peptides can also help repair damaged skin, relieve inflammation, and even out skin tone. Some peptides can kill acne-causing bacteria that is common in 20-somethings.” Kunin agrees, saying, “Peptides are an excellent entry point for supporting collagen.” She recommends looking for face and eye treatments that contain these collagen-boosting powerhouses. Charlotte Tilbury Magic Eye Rescue Cream This Charlotte Tilbury super-emollient eye cream has a base of coconut oil and shea butter (read: it’s incredibly hydrating). Botanicals plus peptides are meant to help reduce dark circles and boost collagen, respectively. This creamy moisturizer serves up potent collagen-boosting peptides and pycnogenol, and antioxidant-rich vitamin C. “Instead of sitting on top of the skin, peptides penetrate the outer layer so they go deep. The ‘signals’ they send tell the cells to produce elastin and collagen, which are needed for youthful-looking skin,” explains Somenek. At-Home Peel Pads Remember that skin cell turnover fiasco we talked about earlier? One way to help support it is by exfoliating. “Exfoliation is important to help keep skin fresh and luminous,” Kunin says. She recommends using at-home peel pads as an easy and effective way to exfoliate. “The goal in your 20s is to fight the slowing pace of cell turnover. It is wise to use products that gently exfoliate, yet still remove oil and other impurities. Products that have Alpha Hydroxy Acids (AHA) or Beta Hydroxy Acids (BHA) are a good choice.” According to Somenek, you should only exfoliate two to three times a week. “People of all ages are guilty of over-exfoliating and that can be too much of a good thing,” he says. Dermadoctor Kakadu C Intensive Vitamin C Peel Pad A few swipes of this Derma Doctor powerful peel pad promise to leave your skin glowing and smooth, thanks to the seven (yes, seven) types of chemical exfoliants, including AHA and BHA. It also contains vitamin C via Kakadu plum extract for added brightening and antioxidant protection. KEY INGREDIENTS Kakadu plum extract is sourced from the Kakadu plum, a fruit grown in northern Australia. It contains vitamin C, which restores the skin’s natural barrier, increases collagen production, and soothes irritation. Dr. Dennis Gross Skincare Alpha Beta® Universal Daily Peel Pads These are the gold standard of peel pads, with a cult following and over 900 five-star reviews on Sephora. They’re easy to use and contain a blend of anti-aging exfoliating acids. Emollient Night Cream “In your 20s, you need to start upping the hydration in your skincare routine. You may have been cautious of over-moisturizing because of acne in your teens, but as you enter your 20s, your skin transitions and becomes drier,” Ross says. “I recommend an emollient night cream added into your evening skincare regimen.” “Twenty-somethings need to make sure that they are not using creams that will clog their pores and cause excess oil production,” says Somenek. Opt for non-comedogenic products. Cerave Skin Renewing Night Cream One great choice is the CeraVe Skin Renewing Night Cream, which is a non-comedogenic night cream that leaves skin soft and glowy. It combines the moisturizing powers of ceramides and hyaluronic acid. RoC Retinol Correxion Max Hydration Creme “The best night cream ingredients contain retinol, benzoyl peroxide, and/or salicylic acid or hyaluronic acid. The goal is to moisturize, yet remove excess oil,” says Somenek. This Roc Retinol Correxion cream fits the bill as it contains both hyaluronic acid and retinol so it promises to moisturize while also being non-comedogenic.

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